Language/Welsh/Grammar/To-Be-and-To-Have

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Welsh → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Pronouns and Verbs → To Be and To Have

Welsh, a Celtic language native to Wales, is known for its unique pronunciation, fascinating grammar and rich culture. In this lesson, we will focus on two of the most important Welsh verbs: 'to be' and 'to have'. By the end of this lesson, you will understand their usage and be able to conjugate them in present tense.

To Be

The verb 'to be' is used to describe a state of being or existence. The verb does not change according to the subject of the sentence, but it can change according to the tense. In Welsh, 'to be' is 'bod'.

Conjugation of 'Bod'

Here is how to conjugate 'bod' in the present tense for each personal pronoun:

Welsh Pronunciation English
rydw i "ruh-doo ee" I am
rwyt ti "roo-eet tee" You are (singular)
mae e/o hi "my-ee / huh" He/she/it is
rydyn ni "ruh-din nee" We are
rydych chi "ruh-dikh chee" You are (plural)
maen nhw "myen nuh" They are

Note that the word 'rydw' is used for the first person singular. However, some speakers may use 'dwi' instead.

Examples

Here are some examples of how 'bod' is used in context:

  • Rydw i'n cymryd gwersi Cymraeg. (I am taking Welsh lessons.)
  • Rwyt ti'n siarad Cymraeg yn dda iawn. (You speak Welsh very well.)
  • Mae e'n gweithio yn yr archif. (He works in the archive.)
  • Rydyn ni'n dysgu Cymraeg gyda'n gilydd. (We learn Welsh together.)
  • Rydych chi'n mwynhau'r gŵyl. (You are enjoying the festival.)
  • Maen nhw'n byw yng Nghymru. (They live in Wales.)

To Have

The verb 'to have' is used to indicate possession, obligation or necessity. In Welsh, 'to have' is 'cael'. Like 'bod', 'cael' does not change according to the subject of the sentence but can change according to the tense.

Conjugation of 'Cael'

Here is how to conjugate 'cael' in the present tense for each personal pronoun:

Welsh Pronunciation English
(f)i'n cael "(vee)n keil" I have
(t)i'n cael "(tee)n keil" You have (singular)
mae ganddo/ganddi e/o hi "mye gan-do / gan-dih / huh" He/she/it has
(ni) yn cael "(nee) in keil" We have
(chi) yn cael "(chee) in keil" You have (plural)
mae ganddyn nhw "mye gan-din nuh" They have

Note that the words 'f'i' and 't'i' stand for 'myself' and 'yourself', respectively. They are not separate personal pronouns, but reflexive pronouns.

Examples

Here are some examples of how 'cael' is used in context:

  • Finnau'n cael dawnsio gyda ti. (I get to dance with you.)
  • Tithau'n cael dim amser i dy hunan. (You do not have time for yourself.)
  • Mae ganddo ddwy gi. (He has two dogs.)
  • Gennym ni lawer o fywyd. (We have a lot of life.)
  • Ga' i fynd i'r dafarn gyda chdi? (Can I go to the pub with you?)
  • Maen nhw'n cael blas ar y cawl. (They have a taste for the stew.)

Congratulations, you have learned how to conjugate and use the essential Welsh verbs 'to be' and 'to have'. Keep practicing and soon you'll be able to use them in conversation with ease.

Table of Contents - Welsh Course - 0 to A1


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Questions and Negation


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Welsh Traditions and Celebrations


Hobbies and Leisure


Present Continuous and Future


Travel and Transportation


Welsh Literature and History


Other Lessons


Sources


Contributors

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